Good Afternoon Bloggers. From a cold and windy Wilsford Stables, winter is on it's way, started using sheets for the first time this week on horses that have been clipped. However, I suppose winter is not officially here yet. Montana's 10 largest landowners. Western Big Game, Mule Deer and Elk Hunting Social Media Site and Forums. Thousands of muley and elk photos, pics, and pictures. See Giant Bucks and Bulls harvested on film. Lovejoy's judgmental and gossipy wife, and the mother of Jessica Lovejoy. She introduced herself in the episode 'Life on the Fast. Constitution Day Celebrates Our Founding Fathers of the United States of America on September 17, 2017. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source. The History of Coffee. The Discovery of Coffee. Historic Origin of Coffee Shrouded in Mystery and Legend. There is no precise account of the origins of the coffee plant or of the first human consumption of the revered bean, though there is general agreement among historians that coffee was first discovered in the mountains of Ethiopia (Abyssinia). We can thank a goatherder named Kaldi, according to one legend, for discovering coffee’s unique properties in the 8th century A. D. The coffee trees there are perhaps the only known “native” coffee trees. Another traditional legend about the first discovery of coffee involves an Arabian mystic named Omar who was exiled to the desert by his enemies. Omar faced imminent starvation until he made a broth from the berries of coffee trees and was able to stay alive. Residents of the nearby town of Mocha thought Omar’s survival was a religious sign. The Mocha region continues to be a major coffee source today. Mocha is also well known as the place where the first coffee beans that became popular in Europe were produced. Suave molecules of Mocha stir up your blood, without causing excess heat; the organ of thought receives from it a feeling of sympathy; work becomes easier and you will sit down without distress to your principal repast which will restore your body and afford you a calm, delicious night. Tallyrand (1. 75. Timeline of the History of Coffee. The Spread of Coffee Over the Globe. Century—Coffee trees are discovered in either Ethiopia or Yemen. Coffee berries are also mixed with cold water and left to soak (similar to how sun tea is made). Coffee trees are cultivated on the Arabian peninsula. After the Arabs learn to boil water they begin crushing the green coffee beans. A coffee shop called Kiva Han opens in Constantinople, and later two more open. A record 290 newcomers joined the Forbes billionaires list in 2015. Aged 24 (Snapchat’s Evan Spiegel) to 97 (Nutella heiress Maria Franca Fissolo), they hail from six different continents and got rich from. Drama Groups - AmDram - Amateur Theatre, Amateur Dramatics Theatre, Amateur Dramatic Group Theatre Auditions - See or Advertise your show auditions here. Page 1 of 2 Looking for actors? List your show and find them. There's something about a female villain that stops us in our tracks. From villain of the moment Sleeping Beauty's Maleficent to the iconic Wicked Witch of the West in Wizard of Oz and the nastiest woman you'll ever see in. Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by HowStuffWorks.com. 278,001 acres: Billionaire brothers Farris and Dan Wilks have purchased large ranches that occupy seven counties in Eastern Montana, as well as large properties in other states. The two made their money selling. Turkish law states that a woman may divorce her husband if he doesn’t provide here with a daily quota of coffee. Roasting coffee is common by this time, as is brewing the beverage, and coffee houses continue to appear in Arabia. Mecca’s corrupt governor Khair Beg . In response, the sultan has him executed and declares coffee sacred. Cairo religious fanatics denounce coffee and a subsequent hearing ends when the chief judge tries the beverage and then sides with the coffee drinkers. A PROCLAMATION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF COFFEE HOUSES: Whereas it is most apparent that the multitude of Coffee Houses of late years set up and kept within this Kingdom. This rule was revoked on January 8, due to widespread citizen protest. Coffee Comes To America. Dutch traders from New Amsterdam bring coffee to America. Just four years later the British take control of New Amsterdam and rename it New York. They also serve food and have rooms for rent, making them more like taverns than coffee houses. Captain John Smith (see below), in his travel book, refers to the Turk’s drink “coffa.”1. The colony of Virginia at Jamestown is founded with the help of Captain John Smith who is said to have introduced the first coffee to North America. However, some historians say coffee had already been introduced to Canada before this time. Coffee Reaches Europe. The first coffee is introduced to Europe when a shipment from the Yemen port of Mocha arrives in Venice. Coffee quickly becomes popular in Europe where it is known as “the wine of Arabia.”Venice is the main European source of coffee, and pharmacies in Venice use the coffee beans for medicinal purposes. Soon the Venetians are roasting the beans and brewing the beverage. When Pope Clement VIII is informed that an Italian merchant is selling coffee, the Roman clergy initially condemns coffee as “the drink of the devil.” The pope’s advisers tell him that coffee, as the favorite beverage of the Ottoman Empire, is part of the infidel threat. To resolve the controversy the pope tastes the new beverage and then instead of denouncing coffee he blesses it and gives it Papal approval. Coffee houses soon begin to show up in Italy (the first in 1. Buy Fresh- Roasted Specialty Coffee Beans! Always Roasted To Order! Kenya AA Coffee – Tanzania Peaberry Coffee – Brazil Santos Coffee – Mexican Chiapas Coffee. Black Hole Espresso Blend – Italian Espresso Roast. England’s first coffee house is opened at Oxford by a man named Jacob, a Jewish immigrant from Turkey. Michael’s Abbey in Cornhill, London by a man named Pasqua Rosee from Armenia or Greece. These are England’s first recorded coffee references. Eventually coffee houses are found throughout Great Britain. Coffee houses near universities are frequented by many students and come to be known as “Penny Universities” because the locals would say that for the cost of a cup of coffee (a penny), a student could learn more than from all of their books. Jean de Thevenot privately introduces coffee to France. English coffee houses are required to have licenses. First Parisian coffee cafe opens.“Coffee leads men to trifle away their time, scald their chops, and spend their money, all for a little base, black, thick, nasty, bitter, stinking nauseous puddle water.”The Women’s Petition Against Coffee (1. Vienna is surrounded by the Turkish Army. A Viennese man named Franz Georg Kolschitzky is able to slip through enemy lines and lead relief forces into the city. When the Turks flee they leave behind sacks of “dry black fodder” (coffee) which Kolschitzky claims as his reward and uses to open the first coffee shop in central Europe. Kolschitzky also starts the practice of filtering out the coffee grounds, sweetening the coffee, and adding a bit of milk. A coffee house owned by Edward Lloyd opens in England, and among the patrons are many maritime agents and merchants—this establishment eventually becomes the famous insurance company Lloyds of London.“Coffee in England is just toasted milk.”Christopher Fry. The Dutch Break the Arab Coffee Monopoly. The Dutch are finally able to smuggle coffee plants out of the Arab port of Mocha and they begin cultivating coffee in Ceylon and the East Indian colony of Java. Up until this time the Arabs had retained control of the coffee supply. The Venetians got all of their coffee from Arabia and had a monopoly of the coffee trade in Europe. The smuggled Dutch plants were first nurtured and closely guarded in greenhouses in Amsterdam, and then in 1. East India where they grow very well in the climates of Sumatra and Java. Amsterdam soon gets coffee supplies from the Dutch colonies and becomes the center of the European coffee trade.“Moderately drunk, coffee removes vapours from the brain, occasioned by fumes of wine, or other strong liquors; eases pains in the head, prevents sour belchings, and provokes appetite.”England’s Happiness Improved, 1. French King Louis XIV is given a Java coffee plant (from Yemen) by the mayor of Amsterdam. The descendants of this coffee plant will produce supplies for the entire Western coffee industry (see 1. Berlin’s first coffee house opens. A young French Navy Captain named Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu on leave in Paris steals a coffee plant and brings it back to where he is stationed in Martinique. De Clieu illegally smuggles the seedlings from the Royal Jardin de Plantes (Royal Hothouse) aboard his ship. The ship endures hazardous stormy Atlantic weather and is nearly captured by pirates. Eventually 9. 0 percent of the world’s coffee spreads from this plant. Brazilian Lieutenant Colonel Francisco de Melo Palheta is sent to arbitrate a border dispute between the French and Dutch colonies. The coffee brought by de Melo Palheta led to the beginning of Brazil’s coffee industry, which became one of the world’s great coffee growing empires. The “Kaffee- Kantate,” a one- act operetta, is composed by Johann Sebastian Bach as an ode to coffee. Bach’s operetta was also a statement against a movement in Germany at the time to prevent women from drinking coffee (it was thought to make them sterile), and a criticism of the efforts of the upper- class and the royals to discourage commoners from drinking coffee.“Ah! How sweet coffee tastes! Lovelier than a thousand kisses,sweeter far than muscatel wine! I must have my coffee.”J. Bach’s Kaffee- Kantate. Cafe Greco opens in Rome. This is one of Europe’s first coffee houses. More than 2,0. 00 coffee shops operate in Venice. England’s King George imposes a heavy tax on tea, angering the people of Boston, who then dress up as Native American Indians, board the English ships in Boston Harbor, and dump the ship’s cargo of tea into the sea. The Boston citizens who participate in this “Boston Tea Party” were still very angry over the 1. Stamp Act crisis, and their renewed protests are the beginning of a major shift from tea to coffee as the predominant beverage of choice among the American people. Indeed, drinking coffee becomes an expression of freedom. Before this time the wealthier classes were the main coffee drinkers while the less prosperous consumed tea, but with the events of 1. Frederick the Great of Prussia bans green coffee imports due to the decline of Prussia’s wealth, though he soon abandons this policy in response to a public outcry.“It is disgusting to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects, and the amount of money that goes out of the country as a consequence. Everybody is using coffee; this must be prevented. His Majesty was brought up on beer, and so were both his ancestors and officers. Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the King does not believe that coffee- drinking soldiers can be relied upon to endure hardships in case of another war.”Fredrick the Great of Prussia (1. A prototype of the espresso machine is invented in France. The coffee percolator is invented by James Mason.“Physicians say that coffee without cream is more wholesome, particularly for persons of weak digestion. There seems to be some element in the coffee which combined with the milk, forms a leathery coating on the stomach, and impairs digestion.”The Buckeye Cookbook (1. Founding Fathers - U. S. Constitution. Abraham Baldwin (November 2. March 4, 1. 80. 7) was an American politician, Patriot, and Founding Father from the U. S. Baldwin was a Georgia representative in the Continental Congress and served in the United States House of Representatives and Senate after the adoption of the Constitution. Baldwin was born at Guilford, Connecticut. He was the second son of a blacksmith who fathered 1. Besides Abraham, several of the family attained distinction in life. His sister Ruth Baldwin married the poet and diplomat Joel Barlow, and his half- brother Henry became an Associate Justice on the U. S. Their ambitious father went heavily into debt to educate his children. After attending a local village school, Abraham graduated from Yale University in nearby New Haven in 1. Three years later, he became a minister and tutor at the college. He held that position until 1. Continental Army. Two years later, he declined an offer from Yale for a divinity professorship. Instead of resuming his ministerial or educational duties after the war, he turned to the study of law and in 1. Fairfield. Baldwin strongly believed that education was the key to developing frontier states like Georgia. Once elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in the state legislature, he developed a comprehensive educational plan that ultimately included land grants from the state to fund the establishment of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, Georgia. Through Baldwin's efforts, UGA became the first state- chartered school in the nation when UGA was incorporated on January 2. Baldwin served as the first president of the institution during its initial planning phase, from 1. In 1. 80. 1, Franklin college, UGA's initial college, opened to students with Josiah Meigs succeeding Baldwin as president to oversee the inaugural class of students. The school was architecturally modeled on Baldwin's alma mater, Yale. Within a year, Baldwin moved to Georgia, won legislative approval to practice law, and obtained a land grant in Wilkes County. In 1. 78. 9 he sat in the assembly and the Continental Congress. Two years later, his father died after a heart attack. He later also sat in the Constitutional Congress and helped in the bringing down of the Articles of Confederation and signed the Constitution which helped shape America into the form of government it has today. The source of this article is Wikipedia. He was a veteran of the American Revolution, a delegate to the U. S. Constitutional Convention of 1. Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware, and as U. S. Senator from Delaware. Bassett was born at Bohemia Ferry in Cecil County, Maryland, son of Arnold and Judith Thompson Bassett. His father was a part time tavern owner and farmer, but deserted the family when Bassett was young. Richard married Ann Ennals in 1. Richard Ennals, Ann (known as Nancy), and Mary. After his first wife’s death he married Betsy Garnett in 1. They were active members of the Methodist Church, and gave the church much of their time and attention. Fortunately, Bassett’s mother was the great granddaughter and an heiress of Augustine Herrman, the original owner of Bohemia Manor, a massive estate in Cecil County, and her family raised Bassett. Eventually this heritage provided him with inherited wealth and a plantation, Bohemia Manor, in Cecil County, Maryland, and much other property in New Castle County, Delaware. Bassett studied the law under Judge Robert Goldsborough of Dorchester County, Maryland and in 1. Bar. He moved to Dover, Delaware, then just the court town of Kent County, and began a practice there. By concentrating on agricultural pursuits as well as religious and charitable concerns, he quickly established himself amongst the local gentry and “developed a reputation for hospitality and philanthropy.” Bassett was a reluctant revolutionary, more closely in tune with the approach of George Read than with his neighbors from Kent County: Caesar Rodney and John Haslet. Nevertheless, in 1. Boston Relief Committee. When the new government of Delaware was organized, Bassett served on the 1. Delaware Council of Safety, and was a member of the convention responsible for drafting the Delaware Constitution of 1. September 2. 0, 1. He was then one of the conservatives elected to Delaware's first Legislative Council, and served for four sessions, from 1. Subsequently, he was a member of the House of Assembly for the 1. Legislative Council, for three sessions from 1. He concluded his state legislative career with a final term in the House of Assembly during the 1. He thereby represented Kent County in all but one session of the Delaware General Assembly from independence to the adoption of the U. S. Constitution of 1. However, Bassett’s most notable contributions during the American Revolution were his efforts to mobilize the state’s military. Some sources credit him with developing the plans for raising and staffing the 1st Delaware Regiment, with his neighbor, John Haslet at its command. David Mc. Cullough in 1. Raised in early 1. July and August 1. Bassett also participated in the recruitment of the reserve militia that served in the “Flying Camp” of 1. Dover Light Infantry, led by another neighbor, Thomas Rodney. When the British Army marched through northern New Castle County, on the way to the Battle of Brandywine and the capture of Philadelphia, Bassett “appears to have joined his friend Rodney in the field as a volunteer.” Once the Delaware militia returned home after the British retired from the area, Bassett continued as a part- time soldier, assuming command of the Dover Light Horse, Kent County's militia cavalry unit. Bassett was one of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention. He did not supply much input, but did sign the constitution. Meanwhile, the Delaware Constitution of 1. Bassett once again joined with John Dickinson in leading the convention to draft a revision, which became the Delaware Constitution of 1. Upon his retirement from the United States Senate in 1. Bassett began a six- year term as the first Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Delaware. At the time it was a court of general civil jurisdiction and the predecessor of the present Delaware Superior Court. By this time Bassett was formally a member of the Federalist Party, and as such was elected Governor of Delaware in 1. It was during his time in office that Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours first came to Delaware to begin his gunpowder business. However, it was also during his term that Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States, causing great concern for the future of the country among the Federalists. The retiring President John Adams, rushed the Judiciary Act of 1. Federalist 6th Congress, creating a number of new judgeships on the United States circuit courts. Being a staunch Federalist and old political ally, Adams, on his last day in office, February 1. Bassett to one of the positions, as judge of the Third Circuit. He was one of the so- called . But the legislation was repealed by the new Jeffersonian 7th Congress, and his tenure ended quickly on July 1, 1. He never again held public office. In addition to his high profile in government, Bassett was a devout and energetic convert to Methodism. Having met Francis Asbury in 1. Judge Thomas White, Bassett soon had a conversion experience, and for the remainder of his life devoted much of his attention and wealth to the promotion of Methodism. He and Asbury remained lifelong friends. This association caused him to become linked in many people’s minds to the loyalists, as both White and Asbury were viewed to be opposed to the war. But it also led to a strong abolitionist belief, which led him to free his own slaves and advocate the emancipation of others. The source of this article is Wikipedia. Constitutional Convention of 1. He is often confused with his cousin, Gunning Bedford, Sr. He read law to enter the Bar in 1. Delaware from 1. 77. He was elected to the Delaware legislature. In 1. 78. 4, he was appointed Attorney General and served in that position for five years. He was also a delegate to the Federal Constitutional Convention in 1. Delaware state senator in 1. Bedford was the most vocal supporter of giving small states equal power in the federal government to large states; his experience in local politics, along with his service in the Continental Congress, taught him much about the political and economic vulnerabilities of states like Delaware. Unlike some other small- state representatives who looked to the creation of a strong central government to protect their interests against more powerful neighbors, Bedford sought to limit the powers of the new government. But when the conflict over representation threatened to wreck the Constitutional Convention, he laid regional interests aside and, for the good of the country, sought to compromise. Concerned primarily with the fate of the small states in a federal union potentially dominated by powerful, populous neighbors, the fiery Bedford warned the delegates at Philadelphia that the small states might have to seek foreign alliances for their own protection. At first he joined with those who sought merely to amend the Articles of Confederation, believing, as one delegate contended, . The first is out of the question, and in the latter they must continue if not perfectly yet equally sovereign. He called for strong limitations on the powers of the executive branch and recommended measures by which the states could maintain close control over the national legislature and judiciary, including the appointment of federal judges by the state legislatures. Bedford's speeches in support of these ideas led Georgia delegate William Pierce to describe him as a . He agreed to sit on the committee that drafted the Great Compromise, which settled the thorny question of representation and made possible the Convention's acceptance of the new plan of government.
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